“a vastidão deles me afoga”
Tennessee Williams e a Síndrome de Stendhal, 1928
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13956084Palabras clave:
Thomas Lanier “Tennessee” Williams, Art, Marie-Henri Beyle [Stendhal], Neuroestética, Viagem e saúde mentalResumen
Tennessee Williams narra em suas Memórias seus primeiros embates com doenças mentais durante uma grande viagem à Europa em 1928. Ele sentiu durante toda a sua vida que esses ataques de ansiedade eram o resultado de “demônios azuis” o perseguindo, e que apenas sua escrita os manteria afastados. Embora este artigo não queira diminuir a firme convicção de Williams de que a “loucura” (seu termo recorrente) era um perigo imediato e presente – embora a hipocondria certamente fizesse parte de sua constituição – aqui se sugere uma explicação alternativa para o que ele experimentou em Paris, Colônia e Amsterdã naquele verão: a Síndrome de Stendhal, uma teoria sobre sintomas psicossomáticos relacionados ao impacto avassalador de ter sido exposto a inúmeras obras-primas artísticas durante um período prolongado e frenético de viagens estrangeiras. A síndrome, que desencadeia um ataque de pânico agudo, é amenizada pelo retorno às rotinas diárias, que para Williams significava escrever. Portanto, é apenas ao compor um breve poema que ele finalmente se liberta de seu extenso ataque disautonômico, o que sugere que a neuroestética, não a intervenção divina, pode ter sido a verdadeira fonte de sua salvação, e que os “demônios azuis” que ele sentia o perseguindo ao longo de sua vida podem ter sido mais psicossomáticos do que reais. Embora essa leitura alternativa da condição de Williams tenha implicações óbvias nos estudos teatrais, seu estudo de caso também se estende à escrita de viagens em geral, para ajudar a explicar experiências distópicas semelhantes documentadas em relatos de viagem escritos ao longo do último século ou mais.
Referencias
AMÂNCIO, Edson José. Dostoevsky and Stendhal’s Syndrome. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, v. 63, n. 4, p. 1099–103, 2005.
BAK, John S. Introduction. In: BAK, John S. (Ed.). Tennessee Williams and Europe: transnational encounters, transatlantic exchanges. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2014. p. 1-22.
BAK, John S. Tennessee Williams: A literary life. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
BAK, John S. A reporter without borders: Tennessee Williams’s literary ‘War’ journalism, 1928. Cadernos de Literatura Comparada, “Polinização Cruzada: Literatura, Jornalismo, Jornalismo Literário”, v. 44, n. 6, p. 51–71, June, 2021.
BAMFORTH, Iain. Stendhal’s Syndrome. British Journal of General Practice, v. 61, n. 581, p. 945–946, Dec., 2010.
BAR-EL, Yair; DURST, Rimona; KATZ, Gregory; ZISLIN, Josef; STRAUSS Z, Ziva; KNOBLER , Haim Y. Jerusalem Syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, v. 176, p. 86–90, 2000.
BLUM, Harold P. Tribute to Graziella Magherini. Freud’s travels and the Stendhal
Syndrome. PsicoArt, v. 7, p. 1-19, 2017.
BOGOUSSLAVSKY, Julien; ASSAL, Gil. Stendhal’s aphasic spells: the first report of transient ischemic attacks followed by stroke. BOGOUSSLAVSKY, Julien; ?HENNERICI, Michael G.; HANSJÖRG, Bäzner; BASSETTI, Claudio (Ed.). Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists: Part 3. Basel: Karger, 2010. p. 130–142.
CENTRO STUDI AUXOLOGICI. La sindrome di Stendhal. Disponível em: https://web.archive.org/web/20200811000057/https://auxologia.it/la-sindrome-di-stendhal/. Acesso em: 2 jan. 2022.
CERNUDA, Alejandro. Stendhal Syndrome. Translated by Stephen Daunt. n.c.: Babelcube, 2020.
DAKIN. Rev. Walter E. [Letters and postcards from Europe]. Part II: Correspondences, 1880–1980. Dakin, Walter Edwin, 1905–1954, n.d. Box 60, folder 13. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, July–September, 1928.
DATTA, Swarna. Stendhal Syndrome: a psychological response among tourists. Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, v. 3, n. 2, p. 66-73, June, 2017.
FORSDICK, Charles. Travel writing in French. In: DAS, NANDI; YOUNGS, Tim (Ed.). The Cambridge history of travel writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. p. 236–251.
GALETTA, Giuseppe. An introduction to the aesthetic precognition: threat or opportunity for contemporary art? Universal Journal of Psychology, v. 2, n. 8, p. 248-254, 2014.
GUERRERO, Angel L.; ROSSELLÓ, Antonio Barceló; EZPELETA, David. Stendhal Syndrome: origin, characteristics and presentation in a group of neurologists. Neurologia, v. 25, n. 6, p. 349–356, 2010.
HERROU, Aurélie. Le Syndrome de Stendhal. Grenoble: Glénat, 2017.
INTURRISI, Louis. Going to pieces over masterpieces. New York Times, 6 Nov. 1988: Sec. 5, 43. Disponível em: http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/06/travel/going-to-pieces-over-masterpieces.html. Acesso em: 8 jan. 2022.
JOYCE, James. Portrait of the artist as a young man. Edited by Jeri Johnson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
LA SINDROME DI STENDHAL. Dir. Dario Argento. Produção: Cine 2000; Medusa Produzione. Roteiro: Dario Argento. Intérpretes: Asia Argento, Thomas Kretschmann, Marco Leonardi. Itália, 1996. 1 DVD (120 min.), color.
LAHR, John. Tennessee Williams: mad pilgrimage of the flesh. New York: Norton,
LEVERICH, Lyle. Tom: the unknown Tennessee Williams. New York: Crown, 1995.
MAGHERINI, Graziella. La Sindrome di Stendhal. Florence: Ponte Alle Grazie, 1989.
MAGHERINI, Graziella. “Mi sono innamorato di una statua”. Oltre la sindrome di Stendhal / “I’ve Fallen in Love with a Statue”: Beyond the Stendhal Syndrome. Florence: Nicomp Laboratorio Editoriale, 2007.
MAGHERINI, Graziella. Stendhal Syndrome: EHU students interview Prof. Graziella Magherini. April 5, 2020. Disponível em: https://en.ehu.lt/news/stendhal-syndrome-students-interview/. Acesso em: 16 jan. 2022.
MARINHO, Guadalupe; PETA, Joana; PEREIRA, Joana; MARGUILHO, Miriam. Stendhal Syndrome: can art make you ill? European Psychiatry, v. 64, n. S1, p. S317, 2021.
McNALLY, Terrence. Full frontal nudity. In: McNALLY, Terrence. The Stendhal Syndrome. New York: Grove, 2004. p. 1–38.
MERRILL DECKER, William. Americans in Europe: Henry James to the present. In: BENDIXEN, Alfred; HAMERA, Judith (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to American travel writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. p. 127–144.
MILLER, Isabelle. Le Syndrome de Stendhal. Paris: Sabine Wespieser, 2003.
MORENO-LOBATO, Ana; HERNÁNDEZ-MOGOLLÓN, Jose Manuel; PASACO-GONZALEZ, Barbara Sofía; DI-CLEMENTE, Elide. Multidimensionality of emotions in tourism studies: an approach from psychological theories. Journal of Tourism & Development, v. 36, n. 1, p. 167–74, 2021.
MORTON, Clay. Not like all the other horses: neurodiversity and the case of Rose Williams. The Tennessee Williams Annual Review, v. 13, p. 3-18, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.tennesseewilliamsstudies.org/journal/work.php?ID=141. Acesso em: 3 set. 2023.
NICHOLSON, Timothy Richard Joseph; PARIANTE, Carmine; MCLOUGHLIN, Declan. Stendhal Syndrome: a case of cultural overload. BMJ Case Reports (Jan.). Disponível em: https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2009/bcr.06.2008.0317. Acesso em: 8 nov. 2023.
O’CONNOR, Jacqueline. Dramatizing dementia: madness in the plays of Tennessee Williams. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1997.
PALACIOS-SÁNCHEZ, Leonardo; BOTERO-MENESES, Juan Sebastián; PACHÓN, Rocío Plazas; HERNÁNDEZ, Laura Bibiana Pineros; TRIANA-MELO, Juanita del Pilar; RAMÍREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, Santiago. Stendhal Syndrome: a clinical and historical overview. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, v. 76, n. 2, p. 120–123, Feb. 2018.
PALLER, Michael. The couch and Tennessee. The Tennessee Williams Annual Review, v. 3, p. 37–55, 2000. Disponível em: https://tennesseewilliamsstudies.org/journal/work.php?ID=29. Acesso em: 8 nov. 2023.
PICARD, David; ROBINSON, Michael (Ed.). Emotion in motion: tourism, affect and transformation. New York: Routledge, 2016.
ROBINSON, Michael. Beyond Stendhal: emotional worlds or emotional tourists. Literature & Aesthetics, v. 22, n. 1, p. 1–19, June 2012.
ROBINSON, Michael. Introduction: the emotional tourist. In: PICARD, David; ROBINSON, Michael (Ed.). Emotion in motion: tourism, affect and transformation. New York: Routledge, 2016. p. 21–46.
SPOTO, Donald. The kindness of strangers: the life of Tennessee Williams. New York: Little, Brown, 1985.
STENDHAL, Marie-Henri Beyle. Rome, Naples and Florence. Translated by Richard N. Coe. New York: George Braziller, 1959.
SYMONS, Arthur. Cities. London: J. M. Dent, 1902.
SYMONS, Arthur. Cities in Italy. London: J. M. Dent, 1907.
TEIVE, Hélio A. G.; MUNHOZ, Renato P.; CARDOSO, Francisco. Proust, Neurology and Stendhal’s Syndrome. European Neurology, v. 71, n. 5–6, p. 296–98, 2014.
TERRY-FRITSCH, Allie. Somaesthetic experience and the viewer in Medicean Florence Renaissance art and political persuasion. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. p. 1459–1580.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. The collected poems of Tennessee Williams. Edited by David Roessel; Nicholas Moschovakis. New York: New Directions, 2002.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. The glass menagerie. In: WILLIAMS, Tennessee. The theatre of Tennessee Williams, v. 1. New York: New Directions, 1971. p. 142–238.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. The luck of friendship: the letters of Tennessee Williams and James Laughlin. Edited by Peggy L. Fox; Thomas Keith. New York: Norton, 2018.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. Memoirs. New York: New Directions, 2006a.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. New selected essays: where I live. Edited by John S. Bak. New York: New Directions, 2009.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. Notebooks. Edited by Margaret Bradham Thornton. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006b.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. The selected letters of Tennessee Williams - 1920-1945, v. I. Edited by Albert J. Devlin; Nancy M. Tischler. New York: New Directions, 2000.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. [“The strangers pass me on the street”] poem ms. Tennessee Williams Collection 1880–1993. Part I: Works, Ca, 1917–1942, n.d. Box 4, folder 11. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. ca. 1930.
WILLIAMS, Tennessee. Tourists. Tennessee Williams Collection 1880–1993. Part I: Works, Ti–Tw, n.d. Box 50, folder 4. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. ca. 1949–50.
